Impact of Comorbidity in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure: Literature Review

Muhammad Nabil Abrar¹, Irmi Syafa’Ah^2*, Sony Wibisono Mudjanarko³, Ariani Permatasari²

Abstract

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health concern, particularly in resource-limited settings, due to its high prevalence, significant morbidity, and emerging drug resistance. Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is a critical complication in TB, with mortality rates reaching 65–74%. Comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (DM), HIV/AIDS, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) significantly contribute to the pathophysiology, incidence, and severity of ARF in TB patients. DM exacerbates TB through impaired immune responses, chronic inflammation, and heightened risk of secondary infections, while hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress further damages lung parenchyma. HIV/AIDS accelerates TB progression by impairing immune defenses, increasing systemic and local inflammation, and predisposing patients to opportunistic infections, culminating in severe pulmonary damage. COPD, with its shared risk factors with TB, worsens ventilation-perfusion mismatch, promotes secondary infections, and amplifies respiratory distress through structural lung damage and inflammation. This review underscores the critical need for an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to managing comorbidities alongside TB to improve clinical outcomes. Effective strategies should include timely diagnosis, optimal management of comorbidities, and tailored interventions for ARF, particularly in developing nations. Future research is essential to develop targeted preventive and therapeutic protocols to mitigate the burden of ARF in TB patients, reduce mortality, and improve quality of life. These insights are crucial for advancing public health policies and clinical care for TB and its complications.

Keywords

pulmonary tuberculosis; acute respiratory failure; diabetes mellitus; HIV/AIDS; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; comorbidities; respiratory complications.

Cite This Article

Abrar, M. N., Syafa’Ah, I., Mudjanarko, S. W., Permatasari, A. (2024). Impact of Comorbidity in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure: Literature Review. International Journal of Scientific Advances (IJSCIA), Volume 5| Issue 6: Nov-Dec 2024, Pages 1286-1293, URL: https://www.ijscia.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Volume5-Issue6-Nov-Dec-No.720-1286-1293.pdf

Volume 5 | Issue 6: Nov – Dec 2024