Strabismus and Binocular Vision: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Diagnostic, and Treatment
Muhammad Hazel Giffari Noer1, Reni Prastyani2*, Achmad Fahmi3 , Rozalina Loebis2
Abstract
Strabismus is an ocular condition characterized by misalignment of the eyes, which disrupts binocular vision and affects 2-4% of the global population, with a higher prevalence in children. This review examines the definition, classification, pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of strabismus, a condition that manifests as esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, or hypotropia. Key risk factors include congenital abnormalities, neurological disorders, and delayed diagnosis, all of which influence disease progression and outcomes. The disorder arises from dysfunction in the extraocular muscles or their innervation, impairing coordinated ocular movements. This misalignment disrupts binocular vision development, often leading to amblyopia a condition where the brain suppresses visual input from the misaligned eye. Diagnostic tools, such as the Titmus Stereofly and TNO tests, quantitatively evaluate binocular function, while clinical tests like the Worth Four-Dot assess fusion anomalies and alignment discrepancies. Management strategies encompass non- surgical and surgical approaches. Non-surgical methods, including corrective lenses and vision therapy, aim to restore alignment and enhance fusional capacity, particularly in accommodative cases. Surgical interventions, such as muscle recession or resection, are employed for moderate to severe cases and have shown significant improvements in binocular vision and stereopsis. However, treatment outcomes may vary depending on the age of onset, duration of misalignment, and deviation severity. Timely diagnosis and individualized treatment are essential for restoring functional binocular vision and minimizing complications. Further research is necessary to optimize therapeutic approaches and elucidate the interplay of risk factors in influencing treatment efficacy and patient outcomes.
Keywords
strabismus; binocular vision; diagnostic; treatment.
Cite This Article
Noer, M. H. G., Prastyani, R., Fahmi, A., Loebis, R. (2024). Strabismus and Binocular Vision: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Diagnostic, and Treatment. International Journal of Scientific Advances (IJSCIA), Volume 5| Issue 6: Nov-Dec 2024, Pages 1532-1536, URL: https://www.ijscia.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Volume5-Issue6-Nov-Dec-No.765-1532-1536.pdf
Volume 5 | Issue 6: Nov – Dec 2024
