The Low Serum Vitamin D Levels as a Risk Factor for Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease: A Literature Review

Ngakan Gde Aditya Permadi^1*, A.A.A Meidiary², A.A.A Putri Laksmidewi²

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized not only by motor impairments but also by non-motor symptoms such as cognitive dysfunction. Cognitive decline in PD can progress to Parkinson’s Disease Dementia (PDD), significantly impacting patients’ quality of life. One of the factors suspected to contribute to cognitive impairment in PD is vitamin D deficiency. Several studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency is more common in PD patients compared to the healthy population. Low vitamin D levels are associated with poorer cognitive performance on neuropsychological tests and an increased risk of developing PDD. Vitamin D plays a role in modulating oxidative stress, regulating calcium homeostasis, and inhibiting inflammation, all of which contribute to the health of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for cognitive impairment in PD. Therefore, assessing vitamin D levels and implementing interventions such as supplementation and adequate sun exposure could be potential strategies in PD management to slow cognitive progression. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosage of vitamin D supplementation in PD therapy.

Keywords

vitamin D; Parkinson’s disease; cognitive impairment; neuroprotection; vitamin D deficiency.

Cite This Article

Permadi, N. G. A., Meidiary, A. A. A., Laksmidewi, A. A. A. P. (2025). The Low Serum Vitamin D Levels as a Risk Factor for Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease: A Literature Review. International Journal of Scientific Advances (IJSCIA), Volume 6| Issue 2: Mar-Apr 2025, Pages 240-248 URL: https://www.ijscia.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Volume6-Issue2-Mar-Apr-No.848-240-248.pdf

Volume 6 | Issue 2: Mar – Apr 2025